Appendicular tumor. It is found in less than 1% of cases when the appendix is removed. Such neoplasms rarely reach a significant size (usually no more than 1 cm in diameter) and most often develop without any clinical manifestations. If an appendiceal tumor is detected during surgery to buy clomid pills the appendix, the likelihood of recurrence is extremely low and the patient's prognosis is good. Large neoplasms (at least 2 cm) turn out to be malignant in approximately 30% of cases, but they are relatively uncommon.
Carcinoid syndrome in this case develops very rarely, and the likelihood of metastases directly depends on the size of the tumor. If the tumor diameter is less than 1 cm, this happens in 1-2% of cases, but with larger sizes (2 cm or more) the risk increases to 60-80%. Gastric (gastric) tumor. There may be three types, which differ in size, nature of the tumor and the likelihood of developing metastases. Type I (size less than 1 cm). Almost always such a neoplasm is benign, due to which the likelihood of metastases tends to zero. Most often found in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis or pernicious anemia. With timely diagnosis and timely surgery, the prognosis is favorable. Type II (from 1 to 2 cm). It is very rare, and the chance of transformation into a malignant form is extremely low. The risk group is patients with MEN (multiple endocrine neoplasia, a rare genetic disorder), and in this case similar tumors also form in the pancreas, parathyroid glands or pineal gland. Type III (more than 3 cm). Almost always, such tumors are malignant, and the risk of spreading into surrounding tissues and organs is extremely high. The prognosis is most often unfavorable, and the later the correct diagnosis is made, the worse the prospects.
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The usual location is the right side of the final part of the digestive tract. Most often it is detected too late, when the transverse size of the tumor is more than 5 cm, and metastases are observed in two thirds of patients. The prognosis is unfavorable. Occurs in every second patient. Most often, the pulmonary valve suffers, impaired mobility of which significantly reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood from the right ventricle to other organs and systems of the body. Possible clinical manifestations (explained by excessive production of clomid). An acute and life-threatening condition that may occur during surgery. Therefore, if a patient with confirmed carcinoid syndrome requires surgery, pre-treatment with somatostatin is mandatory. Main symptoms of carcinoid crisis.
They are a direct consequence of a spasm of the respiratory tract, but upon a superficial examination they can be explained by problems with the respiratory system. It is explained either by liver metastases or sudden intestinal obstruction. In the second case, the patient requires urgent surgery, and the doctor deals with the root cause that caused the obstruction (carcinoid syndrome and primary tumor) after eliminating the immediate danger to life. The so-called tides deserve special mention. This is a specific symptom, manifested by a sudden feeling of heat, unmotivated anxiety, increased sweating and redness of the skin. Most older women are familiar with hot flashes, which often appear with the onset of menopause, but when describing carcinoid syndrome, the corresponding clinical signs look somewhat different. Approximate correspondence between the types of hot flashes and the area of tumor localization.
But here it is important to understand that the final results can sometimes be seriously distorted. The main factors influencing their reliability are the following. Unfortunately, carcinoid syndrome is one of those pathologies for which a 100% effective diagnostic method has not yet been developed. Therefore, even a comprehensive examination guarantees the correct diagnosis only in 70% of cases. But what about the characteristic symptoms and clinical manifestations, you ask? Unfortunately, they cannot be called at all unique. They may be useful in developing treatment tactics, but littlehow to help in making a diagnosis and confirming it.
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The main treatment method with proven effectiveness and a high survival rate. The volume and type of intervention is determined both by the location of the primary tumor and the presence or absence of metastases. During this procedure, the primary tumor node and the largest metastases are removed. There is no need to talk about a cure in this case, but it is possible to improve the quality of life. Minimally invasive intervention embolization or ligation of the hepatic artery. The procedure gives a high (60 to 100%) chance of getting rid of clomid medications. It is considered desirable for the generalization of the process, in a complex of therapeutic measures after surgery and subject to the presence of certain unfavorable factors (heart damage, high excretion of 5-OIAA, impaired liver function). Efficacy in the treatment of carcinoid syndrome has not yet been proven, although with an integrated approach aimed at maximizing life extension, it should not be abandoned.
Given the extremely slow growth of the primary tumor, effective surgical intervention and some improvement in prognosis with complex chemotherapy, most patients can expect 10-15 years of full life. Detection of carcinoid syndrome in the early stages often provides a complete cure, so preventive examinations should not be neglected. Believe me, it�s better to spend a few hours a year than to regret missed opportunities later. Carcinoid syndrome - what it is, treatment and prognosis.
The most commonly diagnosed tumors arising from cells of the neuroendocrine system are called carcinoids. The set of symptoms that occur as a carcinoid tumor develops is called carcinoid syndrome. What is carcinoid syndrome in more detail Pathogenesis of carcinoid syndrome Manifestations of clomiphene syndrome Carcinoma in various organs Carcinoma in the lungs Tumor of the small intestine Tumor of the appendix Rectal carcinoid tumor Gastric carcinoid Tumors of the colon Diagnosis of the disease Treatment of carcinoid syndrome Prognosis of the disease. What is carcinoid syndrome in more detail. Neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids) release hormones into the blood (usually histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin, etc.). Due to the entry of these hormones into the blood, carcinoid syndrome begins to develop, with characteristic symptoms.
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Neuroendocrine tumors can develop in almost any organ. Typically, neoplasms that cause carcinoid syndrome are located in the. In some cases, carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are combined with other neoplasms of the large intestine. Intestinal carcinoids may not manifest themselves in any way until metastases appear and until the disease reaches the terminal stage. Although it has long been believed that carcinoids are benign neoplasms, it has been found that, despite their slow development, these neoplasms have some signs of malignancy and are capable of metastasizing to certain groups of organs.
Carcinoid syndrome occurs in both men and women with equal frequency, and most often occurs between 50 and 60 years of age. Pathogenesis of carcinoid syndrome. It can be noted that different forms of carcinoma are diagnosed in people belonging to different races, African Americans are more likely to order clomiphene pills stomach tumors, and Europeans suffer from lung carcinoma.
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The cause of carcinoid syndrome is the hormonal activity of tumors that originate from the neuroendocrine cells of the APUD system. Symptoms are caused by changes in the content of various hormones in the patient�s blood. Such neoplasms often release larger amounts of serotonin, and an increase in the amount of histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins and polypeptide hormones is observed.
Carcinoid syndrome does not occur in all patients with carcinoid tumors. In tumors of the large and small intestine, the syndrome is more often observed after metastasis to the liver. Metastasis to the liver leads to the fact that cancer products begin to flow directly through the hepatic veins into the general bloodstream without being broken down in the liver cells.
With carcinoids located in the bronchi, lungs, pancreas, ovaries and other organs, this syndrome can occur before metastasis begins, due to take clomid pills that blood from infected organs is not purified in the liver before entering the bloodstream of the system. Malignant neoplasms provoke the appearance of carcinoid syndrome more often than neoplasms that do not show signs of malignancy. An increase in serotonin levels causes diarrhea, abdominal pain, cardiac pathology, and malabsorption. When bradykinin and histamine levels rise, hot flashes occur.
Medical History
Most common symptomcarcinoid syndrome - hot flashes. Occurs in almost all patients. A hot flash is characterized by sudden, intermittent redness of the upper torso. More often, hyperemia is more pronounced in the area of the back of the head, neck or face. Patients with carcinoid syndrome experience heat, numbness, and a burning sensation. Hot flashes are accompanied by increased heart rate and a drop in blood pressure. Dizziness may occur, which is explained by a decrease in blood supply to the brain. Seizures may be accompanied. lacrimation and redness of the sclera.
In the early stages of carcinoid syndrome, hot flashes are felt once every few days or weeks. As the syndrome develops, their number increases to 1-2 or even 10-20 times a day. The duration of hot flashes ranges from several minutes to several hours. More often, attacks occur due to the consumption of alcohol, fatty, spicy, spicy foods, psychological stress, physical activity, and taking medications that increase serotonin levels. Rarely, hot flashes can occur spontaneously, for no apparent reason.
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Cardiac pathology is diagnosed in half of patients with carcinoid syndrome. Endocardial fibrosis occurs more often, which is accompanied by damage to the right side of the heart. The left side is rarely affected, due to the destruction of serotonin as blood passes through the lungs. Following this, heart failure and stagnation in the systemic circulation may develop. They can manifest as ascites, swelling of the lower extremities, pain in the right hypochondrium, pulsation and swelling of the neck veins.
Another common manifestation of carcinoid syndrome is pain in the abdomen, which is explained by the presence of an obstruction to the movement of intestinal contents. This occurs due to an increase in the size of the primary tumor or the appearance of clomid lesions in the abdominal cavity.
